|
Marie Louise (Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia; Italian: ''Maria Luigia Leopoldina Francesca Teresa Giuseppa Lucia''; 12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was an Austrian archduchess who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 1814 until her death. She was Napoleon's second wife and, as such, Empress of the French from 1810 to 1814. As the eldest child of the Habsburg Emperor Francis II of Austria and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Marie Louise grew up during a period of continuous conflict between Austria and revolutionary France. A series of military defeats at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte had inflicted a heavy human toll on Austria and led Francis to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire. The end of the War of the Fifth Coalition resulted in the marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise in 1810, which ushered in a brief period of peace and friendship between Austria and the French Empire. Marie Louise dutifully agreed to the marriage despite being raised to despise France. She was an obedient wife and was adored by Napoleon, who had been eager to marry a member of one of Europe's leading royal houses to cement his relatively young Empire. With Napoleon, she bore a son, styled the King of Rome at birth, later Duke of Reichstadt, who briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II. Napoleon's fortunes began to change dramatically in 1812 after his failed invasion of Russia. The European powers, including Austria, resumed hostilities towards France in the War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with the abdication of Napoleon and his exile to Elba. The 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau handed over the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to Empress Marie Louise. She ruled the duchies until her death. Marie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon's death in 1821. Her second husband was Count Adam Albert von Neipperg (married 1821), an equerry she met in 1814. She and Neipperg had three children. After Neipperg's death, she married Count , her chamberlain, in 1834. Marie Louise died in Parma in 1847. ==Early life== Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria (who was given the Latin baptismal name of ''Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Francisca Theresa Josepha Lucia'') was born at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna on 12 December 1791 to Archduke Francis of Austria and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily.〔de Saint-Amand, p. 1〕 Her father became Holy Roman Emperor a year later as Francis II. Marie Louise was a great granddaughter of Empress Maria Theresa through her father, and thus a great niece of Marie Antoinette.〔 She was also a maternal granddaughter of Queen Maria Carolina of Naples,〔 Marie Antoinette's favorite sister. Marie Louise's formative years were during a period of conflict between France and her family. She was brought up to detest France and French ideas.〔de Saint-Amand, p. 2〕 Marie Louise was influenced by her grandmother Maria Carolina, who despised the French Revolution which ultimately caused the death of her sister, Marie Antoinette.〔 Maria Carolina's Kingdom of Naples had also come into direct conflict with French forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte.〔 The War of the Third Coalition brought Austria to the brink of ruin, which increased Marie Louise's resentment towards Napoleon.〔de Saint-Amand, p. 3〕 The Imperial family was forced to flee Vienna in 1805. Marie Louise took refuge in Hungary and later Galicia〔 before returning to Vienna in 1806.〔de Saint-Amand, p. 4〕 Her father relinquished the title of Holy Roman Emperor but remained Emperor of Austria. To make her more marriageable, her parents had her tutored in many languages. In addition to her native German, she became fluent in English, French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish.〔Schom, Alan. ''Napoleon Bonaparte''. p. 548〕 In 1807, when Marie Louise was 15, her mother died after suffering a miscarriage.〔 Less than a year later, Emperor Francis married his first cousin Maria Ludovika Beatrix of Austria-Este, who was four years older than Marie Louise.〔 Nonetheless, Maria Ludovika Beatrix took on a maternal role towards her stepdaughter.〔de Saint-Amand, p. 5〕 She was also bitter towards the French, who had deprived her father of the Duchy of Modena.〔de Saint-Amand, p. 6〕 Another war broke out between France and Austria in 1809, which resulted in defeat for the Austrians again. The Imperial family had to flee Vienna again before the city surrendered on May 12.〔de Saint-Amand, p. 8〕 Their journey was hampered by bad weather, and they arrived in Buda "wet through, and nearly worn out with fatigue."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|